Different Branches Of Personality Theories - 1172 Words

Different Branches in Personality Theories In this essay I will introduce you to my dad, Ghazi, whom I have lived my entire life with. He is my dad, my best friend and my teacher. I feel that my dad is a good selection for this study because he has been through a lot in life. He lived his childhood suffering from his parents’ bad relationship. My dad spent his adult hood serving in the army, and fighting cancer. He has had a lot of experiences with family members and society that have changed his reactions and the way he looks at different things in life. He has learned a lot from life, and he is just the perfect sample for this study. Humanistic theory is a branch of the personality theories. It says that individuals have free will. And we can actively develop ourselves to our highest potential and reach self-actualization. It focuses on the conscious, and it also says that people are inherently good and that we are self-motivated to improve. Maslow said that we must first fulfill our physiological need to form our base of the pyramid to be able to work our way up the pyramid. And then we need to fulfill our needs for safety, love and self-esteem before self-actualization can be achieved. It sounds easy but can’t easily reach our self-actualization. There are a few characteristics of self-actualize people. They must be self-aware, loving, caring and wise. They focus their energy on tasks that are the missions of their life, and they have a higher purpose that focus onShow MoreRelatedSchool of Thoughts in Psychology1604 Words   |  7 PagesWundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thoughtRead MoreIntroduction to Personality Essay940 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction to Personality Personality has been part of debate amongst theorists for decades. Many theories have been developed about what human personality is and how it develops. Even after so many years of research and studies, no one definition has been agreed by all theorists. This paper will briefly talk about different aspects of personality and what influence in the development of personality. A persons personality is made up with his or her interests, attitude, behavioral patternsRead MoreThe Theories Of Human Mind And Behavior1138 Words   |  5 Pageshuman mind and behavior. Psychology is broadly categorized in various branches that deeply analyze different concepts of human behavior. 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This subdiscipline focuses on individualsRead MorePsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most recent branches of psychology to emerge is the positive psychology movement. Based on the text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment playsRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator1413 Words   |  6 Pagespreferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions† (13). It is one of several personality assessments that is popular among modern mental health experts throughout the world. Currently, it is estimated that the MBTI is â€Å"taken by more than two million people per year and is translated into 16 languages (10). â€Å"The purpose of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality inventory is to make the theory of psychological types described by C. G. Jung understandable and useful in people s lives†Read MoreMoral Theories Can Help Justify The Decisions That Are Made882 Words   |  4 PagesMoral Theories Moral theories can help justify the decisions that are made. Each theory has separate viewpoints in which other theories borrow elements from. Moral theories attempt to explain what it is that makes some actions right and others wrong. These are then used as a guide to making choices. They operate at a more general level than moral or legal principles and rules. The four main groups that one should be aware of are: Utilitarian, Kantian, Aristotelian and Feminist. Utilitarian UtilitarianismRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology859 Words   |  4 Pagesremarkable psychologists who grew psychology longing as 21st century, today. They have contributed many theories, ideas, and experiments that made study of human mind and behavior much more noble and interesting. As psychology grow older and older, there are many different types of branches that were created, such as psychoanalysis, behavior, cognitive, evolutionary, and developmental. Each branches have changed way society works and people think and behave. However, fact that psychology falls intoRead MoreA Study Of Crime Fell Into The Domain Of Metaphysicians, Penologists And Moralists1478 Words   |  6 Pagesexhibit numerous anomalies in the face, skeleton, and various psychic and sensitive functions, so that they strongly resemble primitive races (Lombroso-Ferrero, 2012). Over time, other researchers used Lombroso’s work as a foundation for their theories. Charles Goring challenged the work of Lombroso’s evolutionary born criminal by researching and experimenting, which ultimately led to his report that was published in 1913. The publication of Goring’s report, The English Convict concluded thereRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Personality1236 Words   |  5 Pagespsychologists have provided me a full understanding towards personality thanks to their intellectual theories. Personality comes from the Latin word â€Å"Persona† meaning mask, although there exists many explanations of personality they all are an attempt to define personality. It was thanks to these theorists that I understood how many peoples personality are different and how they can deal with them. Although many of these psychologists’ theories contradicted each other this gave me an opportunity to go

The Effects Of Malnutrition On Indi The Facts Essay

Critical Review Child malnutrition in India – The Facts Malnutrition in India is a silent emergency (Leadership Agenda for Action, 2009) India speaks the language of growth and progress. Malnutrition however, continues to haunt the country. India is home to 40 percent of malnourished children in the world. Every year 2.5 million children die in India, accounting for one in five deaths in the world. More than half of these deaths could be prevented if children were well nourished . Malnutrition is a serious condition in which the body does not get the right balance of nutrients and calories needed to sustain good health and development. It has two sides - undernutrition and obesity/overweight. Undernutrition arises mainly as a result of inadequate or unbalanced diets, but is also caused by poor nutrient absorption or a loss of nutrients due to illness (2000, Smith LC and Haddad L). Undernutrition manifests in stunting, underweight, wasting and micronutrient deficiencies. Micronutrients refer to vitamins and minerals. In this paper the term malnutrition refers to undernutrition. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly double that of Sub-Saharan Africa (2012, UNICEF). According to the National Family Health Survey – 3 (2006, NFHS-3) , 42.5 per cent of children under the age of five years are underweight (low weight for age), 48 per cent are stunted (low height for age), 19.8 per cent are wasted (low weight forShow MoreRelatedPopulation Explosion2570 Words   |  11 Pagesand is damaging to the development of the country and its society.The developing countries already facing lack in their resourses,and with the rapidly increasing population,the resourses available per person ,further leading to increased poverty,malnutrition and other large population related problems. The literal meaning of population is â€Å"the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region† and the literal meaning of population explosion is â€Å" a pyramiding of numbers of a biological population†Read More4366894 14278 Words   |  18 Pagesmiiostadvaniced stage. This means that the pharmaceutical inidustry in our country has now attained a level of operation coqnpared to international standards in production, technology and the quality of its products. There can be no better proof of this than the fact that, as many as 100 essential druigs ar-e manufactured today from basic stages as againist only two in 1948. Notwithstanjdinig the gains made in the health-care field, it shotuld be appreciated that thb country has a long way to go to achieve even

Units Of Sound In The Ict Suite Education Essay Free Essays

The purpose of this assignment is to measure a piece of package happening out the benefits the programme has to offer for kids with extra demands in ICT. The package that is traveling to be evaluated is Unit of measurements of sound. The unit of sound programme was created in 1972-3 by Walter Bramley. We will write a custom essay sample on Units Of Sound In The Ict Suite Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The programme contains a Cadmium ROM which is installed on a computing machine ; a user usher and a reading book are besides provided. Unit of measurements of sound are besides associated with the Dyslexia Action Organisation Group. The package was chiefly designed to assist Dyslexic readers. Rice and Brooks ( 2004 ) found that â€Å" Unit of measurements of Sound was designed to assist dyslexic readers but has been used to assist non-dyslexic hapless readers – in line with the research that ‘ordinary hapless readers ‘ benefit from the same instruction and larning methods designed for dyslexic pupils † . The Unit of measurements of sound is a structured cumulative and multisensory programme learning kids reading, spelling, memory and command, it involves the kid to work at their ain gait independently. ‘Information and Communication Technology has a alone and valuable part to do to the acquisition experiences of students with particular educational de mands ‘ ( Aquilonis, 2007 ) It is an extra programme that helps back up Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) kids with Literacy, assisting the kid to construct on their vocabulary, reading and replying simple comprehension constructing on their ego assurance. The advantage of Unit of measurements of sound it has the capableness to alter the background coloring material fount size if the kid types in an wrong spelling or grammar it highlights by altering the coloring material text, besides it has a programme that would read the sentence back to you in full. If you can non recognize the spelling the word can be heard before composing the text. Data is provided which shows how the kids are bettering over the term efficaciously monitoring and entering the kids ‘s advancement. There are three phases of Unit of measurements of sound stage1 Basic is coloured Green stage2 Functional is coloured Blue and stage3.Independent is coloured Orange. Each phase has two elements to it reading and spelling there are four programmes for the kids to finish at each phase. First the kid is assessed with a little reading and spelling trial of 50 words to see if they are successful to get down the programme utilizing the computing machine which is ocular and auditory. The single kid ‘s degree is set depending on their mark by the computing machine to the reading page, and the spelling sets. Unit of measurements of sound is a literacy programme that is used to excite a kid ‘s head by memorizing ocular, there are besides benefits parents every bit good as instructors can back up their kid signifier place with Unit of measurements of sound if they have a Personal computer. Before get downing my observations I spoke to the parents of the kids I would wish to detect by inquiring for their consent to take exposure of their kids working on the computing machine accessing Unit of measurements of sound for portion of their course of study in literacy. Guaranting the parents all their kids ‘s picture taking would merely be used for the school internal web page and my assignment. ( See appendix ) Under The Data Protection Act ( 1998 ) and the Freedom of Information Act ( 2000 ) command the utilizations of information produced by schools. Such web sites must protect the individuality of kids and if, for illustration, exposure of kids are to look, permission from the parents or carers must be obtained and care taken non to supply information that could be misused ( pg4 ) . Title: Unit of measurements of sound in the ICT suite Date: 24.11.09 Time: 8.55am Duration: 35 proceedingss Observer Jacqueline Wildman Purposes: To detect Child A deriving entree to the package Units of sound. Observation: Child A comes into the computing machine suite he says hullo and goes over to the chair pulls it out and sits on it. Child A switches on the computing machine, delaies for a piece and says this computing machine is taking it ‘s clip. Child A bends to another kid and what are you making? The screen comes up child A logs in and entree the package Units of sound, Child A asks â€Å" should I make the reading foremost miss, † I said yes Child A puts the earphone over his ears he looks over and smile. Child A puts his manus up and says lose my earphones are non working I said you have plugged it in the incorrect socket, Child A says, oh! and carries on. Child A accesses the reading and starts the activity Child A reads what is on the screen in the mike hearing his voice what he has said, Child A completes the reading undertaking and clicks the mouse onto the spelling screen.Child A listens to what word is said and so types out what he heard. Child A completes the spellings and asks if he can salvage and publish it out I said yes and please can I see the consequences. Evaluation: Child A accesses the computing machine and the package really easy, the lone clip he wanted aid was when the earphones were non working. Child A seems really confident and knowing with how to utilize a computing machine. Title: Unit of measurements of sound in the ICT suite Date: 25.11.09 Time: 12.00pm Duration: 30 proceedingss Observer Jacqueline Wildman Purposes: To detect Child H entree the package Units of sound. Observation: Child H switches on the computing machine she logs in her name and watchword and says girl I ca n’t log on because my watchword wo n’t allow me in. The instructor tells her to seek once more she tries the instructor comes over and tells her the watchword she logs on. Child H put her manus up and says girl I ca n’t retrieve were to travel the instructor shows her the icon, Child H waits for the programme to come up on the screen she turns to Child A and asks him if she should travel on the reading Child A says yes. The instructor comes over to see if she has accessed the programme Child H says, â€Å" look miss I got on myself. † The instructor says, â€Å" that is first-class. † Child H smiles Child A shouts out! â€Å" Miss I showed her † . She moves the mouse around the desktop and says it ‘s non doing noise the instructor inquire her â€Å" where is your earphones? † Child H replies â€Å" I do n’t cognize lose it is non in my draw † . The instructor asks Child H â€Å" where is it? † she shrugs her shoulders ; the instructor gives her another earphone. She plugs the earphone in the socket and listens to the sound and reiterate what she hears in the mike. Child H calls the instructor and says, â€Å" I do n’t cognize what the individual is stating, † the instructor takes the earphone and listen and tells her he said dab the kids are asked to log off and close down the computing machine Child H asks if she should salvage her work because she did non complete her reading Evaluation: Child H switches the computing machine on all right but logs in her watchword falsely she could non retrieve what icon she should snap on. The instructor praises her when she entree the reading screen Unit of measurements of sound Child H did non successfully finish a reading page, but with this programme kids can work at their ain gait independently non experiencing that this has to be rushed. In my professional function I use Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) about every twenty-four hours with the kids with limited experience. ICT is linked with portion of the course of study used efficaciously in the schoolroom with different types of demands. ICT besides enhances kids larning which enriches the learning potency for kids who are particular educational demands ( SEN ) with ocular damages, address and linguistic communication damages, medical demands, physical disablements, emotional and behavioral troubles and dyslexia. Katz ( 1995:109 ) cited Nutbrown and Clough ( 2006, p 13 ) states â€Å" about what should be learned and how it would best be learned depend on what we know of the scholar ‘s developmental position and our apprehension of relationships be early experience and subsequent development † . Children are taught the simple and basic instructions which is differentiated to their abilities, such as how to exchange on the computing machines, logging into their history with their username and ain watchword. Children are non afraid to do errors they are confident and knowing scholars who jump to a challenge. Nutbrown and Clough ( 2006 P, 13 ) province that â€Å" Development progresss when kids have chances to pattern freshly acquired accomplishments every bit good as when the experience a challenge merely beyond the degree of their present command † . Monitoring and recordings of the kids advancement would be on traveling procedure publishing out kids ‘s single informations sharing the information with the category instructor and the particular demands co coordinator ( SENCO ) . Benefits of a Particular Educational Needs they are able to entree all installations at their ain gait. Wall ( 2003 p164 ) states that â€Å" inclusion exists where all kids have a right to be able to entree all installations offered and are hence a portion of that community † . Every Child Matters suggest that ‘The Government believes that every immature individual should see the universe beyond the schoolroom as an indispensable portion of acquisition and personal development, whatever their age, ability of fortunes ‘ . Evaluation: In my mundane function I support my SEN kids in utilizing Unit of measurements of sound from every twelvemonth group for 20-30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours. Working and be aftering with the SENCO how the kids are movitative and have benefited from this programme accomplishing good consequence at their ain degree. How to cite Units Of Sound In The Ict Suite Education Essay, Essay examples

Bringing It All Together Essay Example For Students

Bringing It All Together Essay Word Count: 592The Epilogue of the Tempest by William Shakespeare is an excellent if not the best example of Shakespeares brilliance.In 20 lines Shakespeare is able to write an excellent ending to his play, while speaking through his characters about Shakespeares own life and career. Even more amazingly, he seemlessly ties the two together. In the context of the story Prosperos monologue makes perfect sense. He has lost his magical power, so his charms are oerthrown, and what strength Prospero haves his own, which is most faint. He is now confined on the Island, for his other choice would be to go to Naples and reclaim his dukedom, but he doesnt want to do that because he has already pardoned the deceiver who took his position many years ago. Prospero then says something a little strange, but it makes sense in the context of the story, he ask us to release him from his bands with the help of your good hands. In other words, clap so that the sails of the boats his friends are riding in will be safely returned and Prospero can be relieved by prayer of the audience. All of what Prospero has said is very nice cute, but the most interesting part of this monologue is what Shakespeare himself is saying. Now that my charms are all oerthrown, and what strength I haves mine own means, now my plays are over, and its no longer my characters speaking. The Island or stage Shakespeare is on is now bare and it is time for you the audience to release Shakespeare and his actors from this play with the help of your good hands. Shakespeare was not only being released for the performance of the play, he was being release from his career as a playwright. But there are more reasons to clap besides the obvious reason that the play is over, Shakespeare could not allow his final play to be bad, his project was to please. He reiterates this point by saying and my ending is despair unless I be relieved by prayer, or the clapping of the audience and it frees all faults and allows Shakespeare to indulge the clapping and joy of the audience. Finally, after we seperate the two different perspectives, we can step back and see how Shakespeare magically works them together. The first such pun is on the word faint, in the third line. Prospero uses faint to describe his strength, but Shakespeare makes it a pun on the pun he is making! Let me explain, faint means light (amoung other things), which means light hearted, or fun. As if you thought this wasnt confusing enough already, you could put a pun on the pun on the pun! Again, let me explain, faint can also mean hard to see, like the pun on the pun! That might be pushing it a little, though. The thing about Shakespeare is anything is possible. Another, less obvious but more significant double meaning is on the word please on line 13. Prospero is literally saying his goal was to make the people on the Island happy, Shakespeare is saying his goal was to please his audience. Shakespeare was without a doubt is one of the greatest authors of all time, this Epilogue clearly shows u s that. this paper is not exactly polished, but there is A LOT of good interpretation, A quality, even at the college level

Hamlet Essays (803 words) - Characters In Hamlet,

Hamlet Hamlet identifies with an adolescent of the 1990's more than he does with the youth of his own time. Hamlet is immature, sarcastic, and takes action during the heat of passion which is very much like the behavior of the youth in the 1990's. Love, control over action, and the ability to overcome depression are just a few ways to prove maturity. It is obvious Hamlet loves Ophelia in his own way ?. . . the celestial and my soul's idol, the most beautified Ophelia . . .? (Hamlet. II, ii, 109- 110), but his way is not mature enough to include trust toward his lover. The trust that Hamlet should have given her was the key of his madness. This madness that Hamlet cannot trust his love with is the same madness that he loses total control over because of his immaturity; it then causes him to do things, such as kill Polonius, that a person that was mature could stop. The madness that Hamlet assumes is understandable but he can never get over the actual death of his father by still wearing blac k a year later, and the hasty marriage of his mother to Claudius. Compared to Horatio who is calm and cool throughout the play, and Fortinbras who collected an army to fight for his uncle's land and honor, Hamlet's maturity level for his time is low, especially for being a prince. Today Hamlet's age group is more immature than during his own time so he relates to the youth of the 1990's better than he does with the adolescents of his own time. Sarcasm, and blunt rudeness is often used by Hamlet in order to offend people that, during his time, he should not have offended. Hamlet often used the hasty marriage of his mother to offend Claudius. The first time that Hamlet offends Claudius in the company of another person is when Claudius is supposed to be helping cheer Hamlet up. ?A little more than kin, and less than kind.? (Hamlet. I, ii, 65) is just as rude during Hamlet's time as almost anything that a person could say today, it just takes a little thinking for the people of today to get what Hamlet means. The second person that Hamlet is openly rude to is Polonius. Hamlet, in front of Claudius and Gertrude, insults Polonius by calling him ?. . . a fishmonger.? (Hamlet. II, ii, 174) This is not the only way that Hamlet offended Polonius. Hamlet offended Polonius by insulting his daughter. Hamlet is crude in his own day by asking Ophelia ?Lady, shall I lie in your lap (Hamlet. III, ii, 115) What is strange about Hamlet's ability to use his mouth is that the youth of today is able to use the same kinds of sarcasm and rudeness effectively, just as Hamlet does, but with Hamlet's political position he should not have offended the people such as his stepfather. Being radical and acting on impulse is something that Hamlet had to use in order to get his work finished. Hamlet, having a hard time getting revenge, applied his anger from the judgment of his mother to kill who he thought was Claudius. Hamlet also needed to be on his own deathbed in order to finally get angr y enough to kill Claudius. The way that Hamlet uses his anger to take action is very much like the youth today in the fact that if someone has a problem with log cutting, for example, they hold protests and take action against that problem. The second way that Hamlet is extreme is when he goes with the ghost that looks like his father even though his friends warn him that the ghost may be evil and ?. . .tempt you toward the flood . . . Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff . . .? (Hamlet. I, iv, 69-70). If the prince was thinking right he would not have gone with the ghost that resembled the old ?. . . King, father, royal Dane . . .? (Hamlet. I, iv, 45) Hamlet's radical actions do not just prove that he is immature but also proves that he needs action from outside sources

Essay on chapter 1

Essay on chapter 1 Essay on chapter 1 Shahin Fattahian Acct – 205 Homework Chapters 1 & 2 1-4) a) As of September 30th 2014, 526 foreign companies are on the NYSE per the link below, from 47 different countries. https://www.nyse.com/publicdocs/nyse/listing/CurListofallStocks.pdf b) Per link above, the 5 countries with the largest number of foreign companies on the NYSE are: Canada (150), China (72), Brazil (26), U.K. (32), and Bermuda (22). c) The US is the largest economy in the world with the largest stock market, including the biggest companies with the most money. It would make it easier to purchase other companies through stock swaps and they would have the same currency (the dollar), making it easier to do business with US companies. They might also invest in the NYSE to obtain capital in the US at a more reasonable cost than is available in their home country. Case 1-1 There are financial reporting difficulties resulting from foreign direct investment of opening the facility in China such as the conversion of foreign accounting practices to the parent companies accounting practices. There are also issues with the translation of foreign currency to the parent company currency when preparing and reporting consolidated financial statements. There are taxation issues that arise from foreign direct investment. They will have to become experts on taxation in the country they are investing in, as well as an expert in taxation of investments in foreign countries from the investor’s home country. There are considerations to be made for evaluating the performance of foreign operations, such as deciding which currency to evaluate performance on, and deciding whether to factor out of the performance measure, those items which the foreign operations managers have no control. 2-4) Gray’s Secrecy Hypothesis – high secrecy = high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, low individualism, low masculinity and high long-term orientation. power distance uncertainty avoidance individualism masculinity Long-term orientation # matching hypothesis belgium high high high high low 2 brazil high high medium high high 3 korea high high low low high 5 netherlands low medium high low high 2 sweden low low high low low 1 thailand high medium low low high 3 Korea has the highest level of security, then

Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Cancer - Essay Example There are many different types of cancers originating in the human body owing to the different types of cells in the body. A few examples of cancers are skin cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer. Cancer is an abnormal multiplication of the cells which may originate in any cell of the human body owing to the lack regulatory processes and this pathological state can be treated by different treatment modalities (Kumar et al 2005). Under the microscope, cancer cells reveal different structural characteristics because of which they can be differentiated from the normal cells of the body. They are pleomorphic in nature, which means that they have a tendency to have a variable size and shape which is not in accordance with the normal cells. The cancer cells have different size and different shapes. Most of the cancer cells have large nuclei in comparison to the surrounding normal tissue cells and the nuclei of the cancerous cells contain abnormal number of chromosomes, a condition known as aneuploidy. The aneuploidy may occur due to a mutation or deletion of a chromosome. The cell membrane of the cancer cells produces surface enzymes which have the ability to damage the basement membrane of tissues. This characteristic assists in the spread of the cancer from its site of origin to the surrounding non-cancerous cells and damages them as well. The cancer cells show increased rate of mitosis. Mitosis is the process of the reproduction of the new cells and hence the cancer increases in its size and crosses its boundaries to spread out of its confines. The cancer cells have differences in metabolism in comparison to normal cells. Their metabolism is more anaerobic and therefore they may even combat hypoxic conditions. The cancer cells have the propensity to spread from the primary cancer site from where the tumor begins to grow to the adjacent normal tissues. This phenomenon is

Job posting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job posting - Assignment Example The core responsibilities of an administrative assistant include maintaining the workflow in the office and supervising the junior and interns in the office setup. The assistant creates systems and procedures to be implemented in the office. The assistant derives systems and procedures from analyzing office practices, office layout, budgetary requirements, and forms control among other office duties. The administrative assistant also delegates and develops other administrative staff in the office. The assistant provides information on the office such as educational opportunities and opportunities to further their careers. The resolving of administrative problems is also the duty of the assistant; the administrative assistant resolves problems through coordinating reports, data analysis and identifying solutions from the reports. The maintenance of office equipment is also a task of the administrative assistant. The maintenance duties include the calling experts to service the office equipment, keeping an inventory of the equipment periodically and the assessing of new office equipment. The administrative assistant is an employee who knows the workings of the office and has all the answers on matters regarding the office. The Assistant also maintains and improves his or her skills by attending workshops, establishing professional networks and partaking in professional bodies and societies. The education recruitments of an administrative assistant are minimal compared to other jobs. The minimum requirement for this work is GCSE, GED or any other equivalent certification. Proficient computer skills are an added advantage to those pursuing this line of work. Other skills include good telephone skills due to the communicative nature of the work. The job of an administrative assistant operates in an office

Conflict in a case study about conflict intervention in somalia Essay

Conflict in a case study about conflict intervention in somalia from1992 to 2010 - Essay Example Addressing these issues would also mean the promotion of broad objectives like the U.S. foreign policy to ensure regional stability in the whole of Africa in terms of trade and investments, supporting human rights and democracy and removing situation and circumstances which provides protected havens for the international terrorists and drug traffickers. The anarchy that followed the collapse of Somalia as a nation state in 1991 fathered large-scale migration of populations; the nation was facing economic chaos and the incidences of mass violence. The persistence of these problems triggered political dangers as groups emerged whose main aim was to initiate war and empower leaders. (Ohaegbulam, 2004, p. 65) Root cause of the conflict During the late 1980s the coalition of the three clans- the Marreexaan, Ogaadeen and the Dhulbahante – popularly known as the â€Å"MOD† under the leadership of President Maxamad Siyaad Barre was a declaration of war against the Isxaaqs of th e previous British colony in the Northwest which was organized into the Somali National Movement- the SNM. He also organized the Majeerteens in the northeast as the Somali Salvation Democratic front, the SSDF and the Hawiyas to Mogadishu’s direct west and south, which was organized as the United Somali Congress, known as the USC. ... The SNM were angry about the fact that their army could not make it to Mogadishu- the major land holdings of the Isxaaqs before the armies of the USC. The SNM were reluctant of returning home in the north but they had to, so while returning they created a rump state. In the meantime the USC’s military leader Maxamad Faarax Aideed from the Habar Gidir subclan challenged Mahdi’s right to the presidency. Hence these all resulted in the inter-clan war in 1991 to gain a control over Somalia. Beside this an inter clan war also took place to have a control over Mogadishu. The absence of the central government placed the country at a disadvantage, as there was nobody to negotiate on the behalf of the state and both the Somali population and the international relief workers were vulnerable to attack. (Lahneman, 2004, p. 31; Webersik, 2004, p. 518; Somalia Civil War, n.d; The civil war in Somalia, n. d) The Social Economic and Political crisis After the collapse of the Somali sta te in January 1991 the country faced disorganization in their education and learning system, which was an impact of the division of the clan in the country. In the process of the social breakdown the schools, technical education centers and the university faced the worst consequences. The infrastructures of the institutes were destroyed. The major victims of the civil war were the children, as nearly 3000 of them were dying every day in the early days of 1992. (Abdi, 1998, pp. 327-328) The situation at that time had worsened in the South especially in Mogadishu where the instances of well armed youths along with their armed Land Rovers roamed around the city and the roadways plundering and looting masses, extorting

Effectiveness of Terrorism Campaigns

Effectiveness of Terrorism Campaigns Much of the theory surrounding terrorism states that it works as a communication strategy signalling the costs of not giving in to the coercers’ demands (Abrahms 2001). Bonnie Cordes goes against this way of thinking by saying that â€Å"although terrorism is often described as a form of communication, terrorists are rather poor communicators because the violence of terrorism is rarely understood by the public† (p.1). During the 70’s and 80’s the emergence of terrorism was used as a tool of coercion being the preferred choice in warfare in the hopes of furthering an Islamic group to being the main ruling power of a country. Many analysts have exposed terrorism as sometimes reaching the outlined goals while many others argue that terrorism depending on whether it uses guerrilla warfare or strikes on civilians, reaches no positive outcomes for the coercer. Much of the literature has focused on pre-Iraq and pre-Afghan conflicts both of which contained a lot of terrorism. We have now entered the twenty first century and at present the Middle Eastern countries are engulfed in numerous ideological and religious based wars. Different Islamic groups are fighting within their own countries to reach and end that sees their preferred religious group becoming the ruling governing party. As of this year terrorism against both civilians and military still remains the preferred tool of warfare. As terrorism has failed to wane in the present it is relevant to see whether its use has become any more positively coercive against the targeted country or state. Max Abrahms (2001) is a researcher who has delved in to terrorism data to uncover whether it is a useful tool in coercing governments to giving into groups’ demands. He first outlines two types of targeted conflicts – those that are guerrilla who take aim at military targets which are found to be the more successful at coercing governments into meeting demands. The second type is ones targeting civilians and these are less successful due to the perception that by targeting civilians the groups through their aggressive nature will be impossible to bargain and reason with. The goals the groups attempt to achieve are also indicative of future success. Maximalist goals are often not achieved whilst minimalist goals are. The aims of the group also need to be clear. Often outcomes goals are not easily understood as they are tied up in ideological or religious reasons. In this case outcomes are often not reached. Although terrorism was used frequently during the 80’s and 90’s terrorism specialists stated that the use of terrorism rarely achieved the outcome goals demanded of governments (Cordes et al., 1984 in Abrahms 2012). Abrahms (2012) finds that terrorist campaigns are an inherently unprofitable coercive tactic because governments resist complying when their civilians are the focus of substate attack. When Abrahms assessed the goals of terrorists he found two types; process goals and outcome goals. Process goals are a ploy to gain extra individuals to the group, to gain media attention, and financial support from likeminded people with attempts at hampering peace-processes and boosting morale. As we will see in examples from Iraq, their civil war is based on both types of goals. Their outcome goals are stated political goals which aim to overthrow the current Shia government and instil a caliphate leader of Sunni background. The difference between the two is the latter requires the compliance of the target government which at present is not happening under current Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki. In order to statistically test the effectiveness of terrorist campaigns Abrahms used a sample of 42 cases of terror attacks. He found that attacks carried out on civilians as done by Hamas versus ones carried out against a military such as the Tamil Tigers lead to differences in favour of the Tamil Tigers. The difference being governments tended to comply more often when attacks were not aimed at innocent people. Unlike guerrilla campaigns terrorist campaigns are seen as a losing political tactic (Abrahms 2012). He further expanded his study to include 125 campaigns carried out by 54 groups. Roughly half of the campaigns were guerrilla using their attacks on military personnel. He first looked at the Foreign Terrorist Organisations (FTO) capabilities and found certain criteria were relevant for future success. These included the peak membership size, the FTO life span; older groups had more highly developed organisational skills, whether or not the group received external support and lastly whether the group employed suicide missions as these enhanced the lethality of attacks, required additional manpower which enhances coercive effectiveness (Pare 2003, 2005). The target country’s capability was also a future predictor of a campaigns success, as a country with great capability was less susceptible to coercion (Drezner 1998, Hart 2000 in Abrahms 2012). Much of the terrorist activity used at present is within the Middle East and is being used in a civil war. In these cases the size of the objective is the key variable affecting the political outcomes of these substate campaigns (Abrahms 2006b, Pape 2003, 2005). In order for a government to make concessions to terror groups it is important they know what the objectives are. In the current literature there appears to be a general consensus on how governments rank political objectives. Campaigns found to have maximalist objectives seek to induce target governments into relinquishing their power or changing their ideology. Campaigns with limited objectives tend to not directly affect the government or its citizens fundamental way of life (Abrahms 2006b, George 1971). There is some research that finds FTO’s to be successful on certain occasions. Of the 125 campaigns Abrahms looked at, 38 successfully coerced the target country into at least partially complying with the policy demands. There is a clear difference however based on whether guerrilla tactics were used over terrorist attacks. The number is practically half of those that used guerrilla versus terrorism. The guerrilla campaigns which targeted the military accounted for 36 successful cases of coercion. The only case where terrorism partially succeeded on its policy demand was the highly publicised Spanish decision to withdraw from Iraq in response to the March 11 2004 Madrid train station bombings. Here the Moroccan Islamist group attacked Spanish commuters days before the prime ministerial election, helping to elect anti-war candidate who then fulfilled his pledge to bring Spanish troops home. However researchers tend to agree on the conclusion that the 11-M campaign was an outlie r. Regardless of terrorist capability, guerrilla groups appear to be the only group that achieve their political demands. Terrorist campaigns would therefore seem to be an ineffective coercive tool. Comparativists are finding that rebel campaigns against civilians in protracted civil wars reduce the likelihood of gaining compliance of either the government (Fortna 2008) or the local population (Kalyvas 2006) again which can be observed from an Iraq perspective. The PM Maliki has consistently resisted the demands of the terrorist groups while also condemning all attacks. Equally, studies assessing the media coverage of terrorism, consistently finds that it seldom amplifies the political demands of its perpetrators. Equally the coverage is portrayed as acts of senseless bestiality (Hewitt 1993 p.52). Less than 10% of coverage sided with the grievances of the terrorists (Kelly Mitchell 1984p. 287). Lastly, the number of people killed is always higher for civilians than against assaults on a military in guerrilla campaigns. Putting terrorism into context and taking the year 2012 as an example, there were a total of 6771 attacks worldwide resulting in over 11,000 deaths and more than 21,000 injuries (state.gov). Of these attacks civilians were the biggest victims accounting for 2073 lives. Police fatalities accounted for 1700 while government staff accounted for 971. Military personnel only accounted for 379 (sate.gov) despite the research carried out by Abrahms suggesting that for terrorist groups to achieve any success being determined by attacks carried out on military staff. In January alone Iraqi terrorist groups were responsible for the brutal deaths of over 1300 people (state.gov). Globally, Iraq ranks second in the total number of attacks combined in the year 2012 however they are number one for the amount of people killed (2436), the greatest number seen since 2006-2008 civil war. As previously mentioned, the Middle East is geographically the mostly heavily concentrated area of terrorist attacks even though the attacks occur in 85 countries. The highest proportion of attacks occurred in Pakistan, Iraq and Afghanistan with over half the occurrences happening in these countries. Of the targets aimed at 2073 out of 7467 are civilians whilst police account for 1699, government 971 and military comes at 379 after business at 480. In Iraq just over 27 percent of attacks were targeted at civilians whilst 24 percent against police. Journalists were targeted most frequently in Somalia (26%), Pakistan (18%) and Syria (13%). Taking Iraq as an example and using Max Abrahms criteria for successful campaigns the following will outline whether after all these years terrorism really is the only viable way of coercing governments to a groups demands. State.gov reports that like Pakistan over 81% of attacks in Iraq are attributed to unknown perpetrators. The remaining attacks were identifies as those belonging to Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) or The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Terrorism in Iraq was identified as some of the most lethal with three out of 10 being the most lethal of 2012. Although a single attack on any given day would be severe in Iraq there was often a concentrated and coordinated attacks that happened across the same day at multiple different locations. One particular day there were 30 attacks across the country. The tactics and targets were highly concentrated with more than 6 percent of all attacks targeted at either innocent civilians and property or police. An additional 10 perce nt were targeted at government officials. Over 80 percent of the attacks were bombings. Worldwide the perpetrators that accounted for the most fatalities were the Taliban (1842) with Al Qaeda in Iraq and the ISIL coming in third (892). Of the tactics used bombing was the most preferred choice accounting for 65 percent used worldwide. At present the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC) reports that the main target of terror in Iraq are government personnel and assets. Due to the groups protracted attempts at overthrowing the democratically elected Iraqi government and replacing it with a Sunni led Islamic caliphate such as in Iran. In 2013 9571 Iraqi civilians were killed and 2006 since the beginning of this year according to Iraq Body Count (Counterpunch). At present ISIS is taking over Sunni populated areas such as Fallujah and Mosul, this however is not getting the media attention that is required due to the threats and attacks on journalists, of which five have been killed since October last whilst over 40 have fled to Kurdistan and Turkey (Counterpunch). There has been a major increase in the occupation of Sunni led groups such as ISIS taking control over Sunni Iraq however the government seems to be struggling to regain control. Shia civilians continue to be killed en masses however the biggest problem is finding the whereabouts of the groups. Civilian deaths appear to have outnumbered military fatalities despite the fact that research has shown this type pf warfare to be ineffective in achieving any coercive outcomes. Despite thousands of Shia’s being mortally wounded Iraq’s Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has numerous times stated that he â€Å"will not enter negotiations with terrorists† saying â€Å"that crushing terrorists is one of the priorities of the current Iraqi government†. He further explained why negotiating with these groups (ISIL/Al Qaeda) would be futile saying these groups are not and will not be a negotiating side†. He went on to stress that â€Å"whichever side that is not opposed to terrorist groups, is not worthy of partnership in running the country’s affairs†. (REF) At present the Iraqi army has been working closely with both ethnic and local police in the al-Anbar province in an attempt to defeat the terrorists and al-Qaeda. The fighting is due to divisions between the Sunni and Shia population remaining after the civil war. Prior to which the Sunni minority were leading the country through Saddam Hussein. Add to this also the Kurdish minority who also want a say in how the country is governed. Sunni’s accuse the current government of exclusion despite their presence in parliament. The government ignored a protest in December 2013 stating that it was a ploy for the sectarian and territorial division of the country (REF). In November 2010 a power sharing agreement was made between all three parties however the Sunnis felt the government was marginalising them by having more Shia representatives. The cultural divisions appear too difficult for the government to handle which has led to the current uprising in the country and their inability to handle the security crisis. Although the massacring of civilians has proven ineffective in the past, 8,000 people died in 2013 of which most of them were civilians. Abrahms outlined the possible coercive abilities of groups being dependent on the outcome or process goals. For ISIL and al-Qaeda, process goals have managed to garner some support from the mainly Sunni peoples and they have been receiving funding from external sources such as Iran who are happy to help out the opposition in order to create instability within the Sunnis. Recruits were increased during the past number of years and the group is claimed to have 2500 members. Although the groups hope for media attention, as Abrahms has pointed out this is seldom in favour of the group’s plight and this has been the case in Iraq. Journalists are afraid to print negative stories in fear of their lives with many as shown fleeing to neighbouring countries. Equally, when looking at the outcome goals which is looking at what the group wishes to achieve politically they are aiming for maximalist goals that are not so much based on territory alone but rather a forceful attempt at overthrowing a government in the hopes of dividing the country into sectarian divisions based on ideological and religious goals of transforming he country into a Shia state following Sharia Law. These goals have proved to be impossible to achieve whether peaceful or violent means are attempted due in part to the lack of compliance of the current government. Iraq’s capabilities also are strong with the US having trained them and provided them with numerous arms and ammunition and vehicles (REF). The higher the capability the less susceptible the target country is. The size of the objective is a key variable in the future success of the group. As can be seen in the Iraq example the objectives are vast which makes the likelihood of any concessions highly unlikely.

A Critical Analysis of Strategies that Promote Inclusive Practice in As

This essay will examine two assessment strategies, firstly that of observation and secondly, The Common Assessment Framework (2007), in order to critically analyse their potential to promote inclusive practice in assessment. It will demonstrate the purpose and objective behind these assessment strategies and the use of assessment for a range of purposes drawing on current issues in practice and discussing measures used by practitioners. It will also demonstrate the importance of collaboration between professionals, learners and parents to ensure respectful and shared assessment practice showing an awareness of the importance of considering validity of content and technique to support the children’s learning and progress and the need for careful evaluation and moderation of assessment findings. According to Gipps (1994), assessment can be defined as the use of a wide range of methods used for evaluating performance, attainment and needs, including formal testing and examinations, practical and oral assessment and classroom based assessment and observation. Assessment strategies can be described as a process that organises actions and ideas, usually in a step-by-step fashion, which help to guide practitioners in carrying out an assessment. Assessment can be categorised into formative, summative, diagnostic and evaluative. Formative assessment, which is the continuous use of assessment to guide the teaching and learning process, enables the positive achievement of students to be recognised, and informs decisions taken about the next appropriate stage of learning. Summative assessment is that which usually takes place at the end of a programme of learning in order to find out what has been learnt and what standard the student has ... ...d practitioner confidence and self belief. Also, more research into the impact of the CAF process and ways of working to lighten the work load, as instigating CAF’s is seen as adding to this, by many professions. To conclude, this essay has examined observation and The Common Assessment Framework as assessment strategies, and has critically analysed their potential to promote inclusive practice in assessment. It has demonstrated the purpose and objectives behind each strategies and the use of assessment for a range of purposes drawing on current issues in practice. It has also discussed the importance of collaboration between professionals and participants to ensure respectful and shared assessment practice, highlighting the importance of considering reliability, validity, presence of bias and inclusive practice, in supporting children’s learning and progress.